In recent years large efforts have been devoted in EU-funded research
projects,
i.e. the ExternE-projects, to the development of an approach that can be used
to
estimate the external costs of air pollution. The calculation in these
projects is
based on the so called Impact pathway approach where the impacts from air
pollution are assessed and valued. This approach has now been used to
estimate
the cost of air pollution of transport in Sweden for the year 2000. In
addition, we
have used abatement cost estimates to include the costs due to acidification
and
eutrophication. This is a joint project between VTI, TFK and IER at the
University of Stuttgart. This report presents and discusses the results from
this
project, "the all-modes study", regarding air pollutants with a local and
regional
dispersion. It also relates the results from this project to cost estimates
in other
studies.
Cost estimates have been calculated for all transport modes. For road
transport,
estimates were calculated for extra urban and urban traffic and also for two
cases,
Skellefteå and Stockholm. The purpose was to obtain information on the
variation
in costs between different traffic situations. Such information is an input
in the
evaluation of infrastructure investments and is also a basis for marginal
cost
pricing. The costs vary since there is a large number of variables that
influence the
estimates. Costs will depend upon which pollutant we consider and where the
emissions occur. Costs will also depend upon other relationships such as the
number of people being asthmatics in a population and the value placed on an
asthma attack. For the latter, the assumptions used in the all-modes study
are the
same as those used in the EU-funded UNITE-project.